比较常用的参考文献撰写方法包括APA、MLA和Harvard格式等。我们之前有为大家介绍了一篇Harvard reference格式引用规范
接下来为大家讲解APA和MLA这两种格式的引用会规范。
文中夹注
引文的格式可采用文中夹注、脚注和尾注的形式。MLA和APA格式不采用脚注或尾注，而使用文中夹注的形式，MLA格式要求标明作者的姓和页数，它们之间没有逗号。APA要求括号里标明作者姓名、出版日期，引文的其他信息可在参考文献中找到。1)引文较短时，要用双引号括起来，引文与正文融为一体。如果作者已在文中出现，注释中就不再列作者的名字。例如：Hosenfeld found that unsuccessful readers could be taught the lexical strategies of successful readers, confirming Wenden’s observation that“ineffective learners are inactive learners. Their apparent inability to learn is, in fact, due to their not having an appropriate repertoire of learning strategies.”(1985:7)2)当引文较长时(四行或超过四行)，引文要另起一段，缩进五个空格，不用引号。Results supported the notion that learners can be taught to use more effective learning strategies:Strategies training was successfully demonstrated in a natural teaching environment with second language listening and speaking tasks. This indicates that classroom instructions on learning strategies with integrative language skills can facilitate learning(O’Malley et al 1985a: 577).3)多个作者在第二次被提到时可用第一个作者的姓加et al.Finally, information type is based on contrasts such as concrete-abstract, static-dynamic, contextualized-decontextualized(Brown et al.1978).4)引文是翻译材料时要注明最初出版时间和翻译时间。This is not a recent discovery. More than a hundred years ago, the neo-grammarians Hermann Osthoff and Karl Brugman described such a situation very well:When serious attempts at upset are directed against a procedure that one is used to and with which one feels comfortable, one is always more readily stimulated to ward off the disturbance than to undertake a thorough revision and possible alteration of the accustomed procedure.(Osthoff and Brugman 1878(1967)：204)
参考文献(Bibliography)
APA格式建议使用references一词。当使用references时，列出的作者和作品一定是在文中提到过的。Bibliography可包括文中提到的作者或作品，也包括相关的阅读的材料。MLA形式要求用List of Works Cited。参考文献的条目要按字母顺序排列，不用阿拉伯数字标示。隔行打印。每个条目要从左开始，同属一个作者时，后面几行要缩进三个空格。书目的写法包括四项：作者、日期、书名和出版社。作者项里先写出作者的姓，名字用首字母，名和姓间用逗号隔开。如果超过两个作者，最后一个作者前面用&，所有的作者的姓和名都要颠倒。APA形式把日期放在名后，其前后都有句号。书名的第一个字母要大写，用斜体或下划线。如果有小标题，用冒号把大标题和小标题隔开。Krashen, S. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.Lenneberg, E. 1967. Biological Foundations of Language Teaching. New York: John Wiley and Sons.MLA也包括这四项，只是顺序不同。它的时间放在后面。Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek. New York: Random, 1991.Barlett, Donald L., and James B. Steele. Forevermore: Nuclear Waste in America. New York: Norton, 1985在标注杂志或期刊时，注明年月，年在前，月在后，由逗号隔开。月份要求会拼。标题的第一个字母要大写，用单引号。还要提供具体的页数。Gregg, K. R. 1984. ’Krashen’s monitor and Occam’s razor.’ TESOL Quarterly 20:116-22Jacobson, W. 1987.’ An assessment of the communication needs of non-native speakers of English in an undergraduate physics lab.’ ESP Journal 5:173-88.Johnson, K. 1983.’ Syllabus design: possible future trends’ in K. Johnson and D. Porter(eds.): Perspectives in Communicative Language Teaching. New York: Academic Press.
END
以往干货英国大学正在为中国学生开发新的远程教学系统，在国内查找资料更方便了Dissertation写作 | 那些心路历程和一些建议更多干货内容请关注微信公众号青藤学术辅导。
