时至期末，国外很多大学基本上都有paper要写，不论是字数要求还是内容都非常严苛，在Paper写作当中让我们很多中国留学生犯难的是：提出及论证观点，文字的衔接和耦合。一篇Paper要做到连贯流畅，观点清晰，论证有力，对我们中国留学生来说是很有难度的，准确无误的单词和语法能够帮你写出准确率高的Paper，但是对于经验丰富的Tutor来说，你的Paper是缺乏深度的，是缺乏逻辑思维能力的。而逻辑思维能力并不是一朝一夕就可以养成的，眼下又有paper要交，所以很多留学生往往会很慌乱，Paper写作怎么做到逻辑清晰，层次分明呢？一起来看看吧.
By the end of the period,many foreign universities basically had paper to write,and both the number of words and the content were very strict.What made many Chinese students in the paper writing difficult was to put forward and demonstrate ideas,and the cohesion and coupling of words.It is very difficult for us Chinese students to write a paper that is coherent,fluent,clear,and forceful.Accurate words and grammar can help you write a paper with high accuracy,but for experienced Tutor,your paper lacks depth and logical thinking ability.The ability of logical thinking can not be developed overnight.Now there are papers to hand in,so many foreign students tend to be flustered.How can paper writing be logical and hierarchical?Let's have a look
一、注意文中句子以及段落之间的逻辑关系编排
1、Pay attention to the arrangement of the logical relationship between sentences and paragraphs in the text
Paper写作是一个逻辑性很强的过程，当你到了大三大四写过很多Paper之后你会发现，英语写作有着严密的逻辑形式，比如用词上要求人称、数、格的一致；一个句子要有主谓结构；段落与段落句子与句子之间要多用关联词语；重视句子段落形式的对应和显性衔接。一篇优秀的Paper文中句子间和段落间的衔接肯定是十分恰当的。大家在进行paper写作的时候要注意：想靠句子的机械堆砌来完成的文章是觉得不允许的，一篇文章是一个有机整体，句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间是存在着严谨的逻辑关系的。举例来说：
Paper writing is a very logical process.When you write many papers in your third and fourth year of college,you will find that English writing has strict logical forms,such as the consistency of person,number and case in terms of words;A sentence should have a subject predicate structure;Use more related words between paragraphs and sentences;Pay attention to the correspondence and explicit cohesion of sentence paragraph forms.The cohesion between sentences and paragraphs in an excellent paper must be very appropriate.When you are writing paper,you should pay attention to that:articles that want to be completed by mechanical piling of sentences are not allowed.An article is an organic whole.There is a strict logical relationship between sentences,paragraphs and paragraphs.For example:
1、Every summer,I go to traveling with my family or my best friends.When thenew term comes,I will surprisingly find my oral English is much improved.So I firmly believe book is not only the source of knowledge.
我们很多留学生都能写出这样水平的句子，的确是没有语法问题，但读起来是否感觉总少点什么？没错，缺少逻辑关系：go to traveling with my family与后面的myoral English is much improved并没有必然联系，逻辑上讲不通，大家再来看下面这个例子效果就截然相反；
Many of our foreign students can write sentences at this level.It is true that there is no grammar problem,but do they feel less when reading?Yes,there is no logical relationship:go to traveling with my family is not necessarily related to the following myoral English is much improved,which is illogical.If you look at the following example,the effect will be completely opposite;
2、AIDS seems to follow a pattern of recognizable symptoms.First,after beingexposed to the virus,the AIDS patients tend to complain of a fever,sore throat,sore muscles,and diarrhea.Then there seems to be a dormant period,which canlast for three years or longer.Finally,after this period,more serioussymptoms begin to emerge.
上面的句子之间在逻辑上环环相扣，每一个都不可或缺。效果是不是比第1句好得多?
The above sentences are logically linked,and each of them is indispensable.Is the effect much better than the first sentence?
单单做好句子与句子之间的逻辑衔接也是不够的，还要做好段落与段落之间的衔接。要写出逻辑清晰的Paper，就要必须要做到全文中句子以及段落的衔接和连贯。因此，大家在paper写作的时候用好连接词和语义承接就显得很重要了。在英文论文写作中常见的连接词有because,as,while,it,however,therefore,although,similarly,consequently,nevertheless等，它们属于“明连接”。“暗承接”即语义承接，通过上下文之间的承接关系行文，比如通过指示代词、人称代词等指代前一句中出现的内容，或转述、解释前一句的关键词，从而形成自然的承接关系。
It is not enough to do a good job of logical cohesion between sentences,but also to do a good job of cohesion between paragraphs.To write a paper with clear logic,it is necessary to achieve the cohesion and coherence of sentences and paragraphs in the full text.Therefore,it is important for everyone to use connectors and semantic connections when writing on mon conjunctions in English thesis writing include because,as,while,it,however,there,alter hough,similarly,consecutively,and never the less,which belong to"clear conjunction"."Concealed undertaking"refers to semantic undertaking.It is written through the undertaking relationship between contexts,such as indicating the content of the previous sentence through demonstrative pronouns,personal pronouns,etc.,or reporting and explaining the keywords of the previous sentence,so as to form a natural undertaking relationship.
二、平时学习中要有意识地进行逻辑思维训练
2、Consciously carry out logical thinking training in daily study
由于中西方教育方式的差异，国内的中学甚至大学都没有进行很好的逻辑思维训练，这也是造成我们留学paper写作质量不高的原因之一。缺乏逻辑思维会导致文章语言不通，层次混乱，主题不明。要写出思维严谨，脉络清晰的paper，留学生小主们就必须掌握基本的逻辑学规律：排中律，同一律，矛盾律。
Due to the differences between Chinese and Western education methods,domestic middle schools and even universities have not carried out good logical thinking training,which is one of the reasons why the quality of our overseas paper writing is not high.The lack of logical thinking will lead to language barrier,confusion of levels,and unclear theme.To write a paper with rigorous thinking and clear context,students must master the basic logic laws:the law of exclusion of the middle,the law of identity,and the law of contradiction.
排中律是指文章的立意要明确，旗帜鲜明，不要拖泥带水。比如：Some people think that students should go to boarding schools instead ofliving at home.Do you agree or disagree?
The law of exclusion of the middle means that the intention of the article should be clear and clear.For example,Some people think that students should go to boarding schools instead of ofliving at home Do you agree or disagree?
这个thesis statement立意不够明确，应该直接表达出对上寄宿学校的赞同或者反对，而不是模棱两可，观点不清。
The purpose of this statement is not clear enough.It should directly express the approval or opposition to boarding schools,rather than ambiguous and unclear views.
同一律是指在思考过程中，使用的概念或判断必须始终不变，保持同一。这也是文章立意符合要求、语体风格得体的必要条件。比如：Judging from the current tendency,I am inclined to believe thattraditional shopping will disappear gradually and the reasons are as follows:For one thing,the online shopping can bring convenience to people's life…Foranother,the merchandizes in online shops are much cheaper than that in thosereal shops because...Everybody tends to choose the online shopping in thiscase.
上面这段话就违背了同一律的原则，前后不一致，前半部分给出的论点是传统购物会逐渐消失，后面的论证过程却在说网购的好处，两者失去了同一性，不能衔接，明显有自相矛盾的错误。
The above paragraph violates the principle of identity and is inconsistent.The argument given in the first part is that traditional shopping will gradually disappear,while the later argument process is about the benefits of online shopping.The two have lost their identity and can not be connected.There is obviously a contradiction between them.
矛盾律是指文章论述必须首尾相贯，避免出现自相矛盾，跑题离题的现象。比如这样的题目：Asking students to evaluate their teachers is a good idea
The law of contradiction refers to the fact that the article must be consistent from beginning to end to avoid self contradiction and digression.For example:Asking students to evaluate their teachers is a good idea
大家在Paper写作的时候就应该阐述学生评价老师带来的好处，而不应该把阐述重点放在学生评分带来的坏处上。
When writing,we should explain the benefits of students'evaluation of teachers,instead of focusing on the disadvantages of students'grading.
三、通过大量阅读和大量思考来培养逻辑思维
3、Cultivate logical thinking through a lot of reading and thinking
如果大家想把自己的观点论述清楚，不仅仅要掌握语言技巧，更要有足够的知识储备。爱因斯坦说：“If you can't explain it simply,you don't understand it well enough.”试想，你对你自己确立的观点没有基本的知识储备，空谈语言技巧和逻辑思维方法没有任何意义。清晰的逻辑和有力的论证肯定是要建立在足够深入了解话题的基础上。
If you want to make your views clear,you should not only master language skills,but also have enough knowledge.Einstein said,"If you can't explain it simply,you don't understand it well enough.".Clear logic and strong argument must be based on a thorough understanding of the topic.
通过以上的逻辑思维能力的要求和训练方法介绍，希望大家在以后的Paper写作中具备良好的逻辑思维能力。
Through the introduction of the above requirements and training methods for logical thinking ability,I hope you will have good logical thinking ability in the future paper writing.
