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简介
本文通过从Postman获取基本的接口测试Code简单的接口测试入手，一步步调整优化接口调用，以及增加基本的结果判断，讲解Python自带的Unittest框架调用，期望各位可以通过本文对接口自动化测试有一个大致的了解。
引言
为什么要做接口自动化测试?
在当前互联网产品迭代频繁的背景下，回归测试的时间越来越少，很难在每个迭代都对所有功能做完整回归。但接口自动化测试因其实现简单、维护成本低，容易提高覆盖率等特点，越来越受重视。
为什么要自己写框架呢?
使用Postman调试通过过直接可以获取接口测试的基本代码，结合使用requets + unittest很容易实现接口自动化测试的封装，而且requests的api已经非常人性化，非常简单，但通过封装以后（特别是针对公司内特定接口），可以进一步提高脚本编写效率。
一个现有的简单接口例子
下面使用requests + unittest测试一个查询接口
接口信息如下
请求信息:
Method：POST
URL：api/match/image/getjson
Request：
{"category": "image","offset": "0","limit": "30","sourceId": "0","metaTitle": "","metaId": "0","classify": "unclassify","startTime": "","endTime": "","createStart": "","createEnd": "","sourceType": "","isTracking": "true","metaGroup": "","companyId": "0","lastDays": "1","author": ""}
Response示例：
{"timestamp" : xxx,"errorMsg" : "","data" : {"config" : xxx}
测试思路
1.获取Postman原始脚本
2.使用requests库模拟发送HTTP请求**
3.对原始脚本进行基础改造**
4.使用python标准库里unittest写测试case**
原始脚本实现
未优化
该代码只是简单的一次调用，而且返回的结果太多，很多返回信息暂时没用，示例代码如下
import requestsurl = "http://cpright.xinhua-/api/match/image/getjson"querystring = {"category":"image","offset":"0","limit":"30","sourceId":"0","metaTitle":"","metaId":"0","classify":"unclassify","startTime":"","endTime":"","createStart":"","createEnd":"","sourceType":"","isTracking":"true","metaGroup":"","companyId":"0","lastDays":"1","author":""}headers = {'cache-control': "no-cache",'postman-token': "e97a99b0-424b-b2a5-7602-22cd50223c15"}response = requests.request("POST", url, headers=headers, params=querystring)print(response.text)
优化 第一版
调整代码结构，输出结果Json出来，获取需要验证的response.status_code，以及获取结果校验需要用到的results[‘total’]
#!/usr/bin/env python#coding: utf-8'''unittest merchant backgroud interface@author: zhang_jin@version: 1.0@see:http://www.python-/en/master/'''import unittestimport jsonimport tracebackimport requestsurl = "http://cpright.xinhua-/api/match/image/getjson"querystring = {"category": "image","offset": "0","limit": "30","sourceId": "0","metaTitle": "","metaId": "0","classify": "unclassify","startTime": "","endTime": "","createStart": "","createEnd": "","sourceType": "","isTracking": "true","metaGroup": "","companyId": "0","lastDays": "1","author": ""}headers = {'cache-control': "no-cache",'postman-token': "e97a99b0-424b-b2a5-7602-22cd50223c15"}#Post接口调用response = requests.request("POST", url, headers=headers, params=querystring)#对返回结果进行转义成json串results = json.loads(response.text)#获取http请求的status_codeprint "Http code:",response.status_code#获取结果中的total的值print results['total']#print(response.text)
优化 第二版
接口调用异常处理，增加try，except处理，对于返回response.status_code，返回200进行结果比对，不是200数据异常信息。
#!/usr/bin/env python#coding: utf-8'''unittest merchant backgroud interface@author: zhang_jin@version: 1.0@see:http://www.python-/en/master/'''import jsonimport tracebackimport requestsurl = "http://cpright.xinhua-/api/match/image/getjson"querystring = {"category": "image","offset": "0","limit": "30","sourceId": "0","metaTitle": "","metaId": "0","classify": "unclassify","startTime": "","endTime": "","createStart": "","createEnd": "","sourceType": "","isTracking": "true","metaGroup": "","companyId": "0","lastDays": "1","author": ""}headers = {'cache-control': "no-cache",'postman-token': "e97a99b0-424b-b2a5-7602-22cd50223c15"}try:#Post接口调用response = requests.request("POST", url, headers=headers, params=querystring)#对http返回值进行判断，对于200做基本校验if response.status_code == 200:results = json.loads(response.text)if results['total'] == 191:print "Success"else:print "Fail"print results['total']else:#对于http返回非200的code，输出相应的coderaise Exception("http error info:%s" %response.status_code)except:traceback.print_exc()
优化 第三版
1.该版本改动较大，引入config文件，单独封装结果校验模块，引入unittest模块，实现接口自动调用，并增加log处理模块；
2.对不同Post请求结果进行封装，不同接口分开调用；
3.测试用例的结果进行统计并最终输出
#!/usr/bin/env python#coding: utf-8'''unittest interface@author: zhang_jin@version: 1.0@see:http://www.python-/en/master/'''import unittestimport jsonimport tracebackimport requestsimport timeimport result_statisticsimport config as cffrom com_logger import match_Loggerclass MyTestSuite(unittest.TestCase):"""docstring for MyTestSuite"""#@classmethoddef sedUp(self):print "start..."#图片匹配统计def test_image_match_001(self):url = cf.URL1querystring = {"category": "image","offset": "0","limit": "30","sourceId": "0","metaTitle": "","metaId": "0","classify": "unclassify","startTime": "","endTime": "","createStart": "","createEnd": "","sourceType": "","isTracking": "true","metaGroup": "","companyId": "0","lastDays": "1","author": ""}headers = {'cache-control': "no-cache",'postman-token': "545a2e40-b120-2096-960c-54875be347be"}response = requests.request("POST", url, headers=headers, params=querystring)if response.status_code == 200:response.encoding = response.apparent_encodingresults = json.loads(response.text)#预期结果与实际结果校验，调用result_statistics模块result_statistics.test_result(results,196)else:print "http error info:%s" %response.status_code#match_Logger.info("start image_query22222")#self.assertEqual(results['total'], 888)'''try:self.assertEqual(results['total'], 888)except:match_Logger.error(traceback.format_exc())#print results['total']'''#文字匹配数据统计def test_text_match_001(self):text_url = cf.URL2querystring = {"category": "text","offset": "0","limit": "30","sourceId": "0","metaTitle": "","metaId": "0","startTime": "-04-14","endTime": "-04-15","createStart": "","createEnd": "","sourceType": "","isTracking": "true","metaGroup": "","companyId": "0","lastDays": "0","author": "","content": ""}headers = {'cache-control': "no-cache",'postman-token': "ef3c29d8-1c88-062a-76d9-f2fbebf2536c"}response = requests.request("POST", text_url, headers=headers, params=querystring)if response.status_code == 200:response.encoding = response.apparent_encodingresults = json.loads(response.text)#预期结果与实际结果校验，调用result_statistics模块result_statistics.test_result(results,190)else:print "http error info:%s" %response.status_code#print(response.text)def tearDown(self): passif __name__ == '__main__':#image_match_Logger = ALogger('image_match', log_level='INFO')#构造测试集合suite=unittest.TestSuite()suite.addTest(MyTestSuite("test_image_match_001"))suite.addTest(MyTestSuite("test_text_match_001"))#执行测试runner = unittest.TextTestRunner()runner.run(suite)print "success case:",result_statistics.num_successprint "fail case:",result_statistics.num_fail#unittest.main()
最终输出日志信息
Zj-Mac:unittest lazybone$ python image_test_3.py
测试结果：通过
.测试结果：不通过
错误信息： 期望返回值:190 实际返回值:4522
.
Ran 2 tests in 0.889s
OK
success case: 1
fail case: 1
后续改进建议
1.unittest输出报告也可以推荐使用HTMLTestRunner（我目前是对结果统计进行了封装）
2.接口的继续封装，参数化，模块化
3.unittest单元测试框架实现参数化调用第三方模块引用（nose-parameterized）
4.持续集成运行环境、定时任务、触发运行、邮件发送等一系列功能均可以在Jenkins上实现。
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