文章目录

前言一、绘制散点图二、绘制条形图1、纵向条形图2、横向条形图三、绘制分组条形图四、绘制直方图1、plt.hist 方法2、plt.bar 方法绘制直方图

前言

本文为7月16日数据科学库学习笔记，分为四个章节：

绘制散点图；绘制条形图：纵向&横向；绘制分组条形图；绘制直方图。

一、绘制散点图

示例：北京3月、10月每天白天的最高气温如列表 a 和列表 b 所示，绘制散点图：

a = [11,17,16,11,12,11,12,6,6,7,8,9,12,15,14,17,18,21,16,17,20,14,15,15,15,19,21,22,22,22,23]

b = [26,26,28,19,21,17,16,19,18,20,20,19,22,23,17,20,21,20,22,15,11,15,5,13,17,10,11,13,12,13,6]

代码如下：

from matplotlib import pyplot as pltfrom matplotlib import font_manager# 设置中文字体my_font = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\SIMKAI.ttf')y_3 = [11,17,16,11,12,11,12,6,6,7,8,9,12,15,14,17,18,21,16,17,20,14,15,15,15,19,21,22,22,22,23]y_10 = [26,26,28,19,21,17,16,19,18,20,20,19,22,23,17,20,21,20,22,15,11,15,5,13,17,10,11,13,12,13,6]x = range(1, 32)x_10 = range(51, 82)# 设置图片大小plt.figure(figsize=(20, 8), dpi=80)# 绘制散点图plt.scatter(x, y_3, label="3月份")plt.scatter(x_10, y_10, label="10月份")# 修改 x 轴刻度_x = list(x)+list(x_10)_xtick_labels = ["3月{}日".format(i) for i in x]_xtick_labels += ["3月{}日".format(i-50) for i in x_10]plt.xticks(_x[::3], _xtick_labels[::3], fontproperties=my_font, rotation=45)# 添加图例plt.legend(loc='upper left', prop=my_font)# 添加标题plt.xlabel("时间", fontproperties=my_font)plt.ylabel("温度", fontproperties=my_font)plt.title("标题", fontproperties=my_font)# 展示plt.show()

二、绘制条形图

1、纵向条形图

示例：内地电影票房前20的电影（列表 a）和票房数据（列表 b），绘制条形图：

a = [“战狼2”,“速度与激情8”,“功夫瑜伽”,“西游伏妖篇”,“变形金刚5：最后的骑士”,“摔跤吧！爸爸”,“加勒比海盗5：死无对证”,“金刚：骷髅岛”,“极限特工：终极回归”,“生化危机6：终章”,“乘风破浪”,“神偷奶爸3”,“智取威虎山”,“大闹天竺”,“金刚狼3：殊死一战”,“蜘蛛侠：英雄归来”,“悟空传”,“银河护卫队2”,“情圣”,“新木乃伊”]

b = [56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23]

注意：bar 绘制条形图，只接受含数字的可迭代对象

plt.bar(range(len(a)), b, width=0.3)

完整代码如下：

from matplotlib import pyplot as pltfrom matplotlib import font_manager# 设置中文字体my_font = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\SIMKAI.ttf')a = ["战狼2","速度与激情8","功夫瑜伽","西游伏妖篇","变形金刚5：最后的骑士","摔跤吧！爸爸","加勒比海盗5：死无对证","金刚：骷髅岛","极限特工：终极回归","生化危机6：终章","乘风破浪","神偷奶爸3","智取威虎山","大闹天竺","金刚狼3：殊死一战","蜘蛛侠：英雄归来","悟空传","银河护卫队2","情圣","新木乃伊"]b = [56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23]# 设置图片大小plt.figure(figsize=(20, 15), dpi=80)plt.bar(range(len(a)), b, width=0.3)# 设置 x 轴刻度plt.xticks(range(len(a)), a, fontproperties=my_font, rotation=90)plt.show()

2、横向条形图

注意：barh 用 height 调整条形图宽度。

完整代码如下：

from matplotlib import pyplot as pltfrom matplotlib import font_manager# 设置中文字体my_font = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\SIMKAI.ttf')a = ["战狼2","速度与激情8","功夫瑜伽","西游伏妖篇","变形金刚5：最后的骑士","摔跤吧！爸爸","加勒比海盗5：死无对证","金刚：骷髅岛","极限特工：终极回归","生化危机6：终章","乘风破浪","神偷奶爸3","智取威虎山","大闹天竺","金刚狼3：殊死一战","蜘蛛侠：英雄归来","悟空传","银河护卫队2","情圣","新木乃伊"]b = [56.01,26.94,17.53,16.49,15.45,12.96,11.8,11.61,11.28,11.12,10.49,10.3,8.75,7.55,7.32,6.99,6.88,6.86,6.58,6.23]plt.figure(figsize=(20, 15), dpi=80)plt.barh(range(len(a)), b, height=0.3, color="orange")plt.yticks(range(len(a)), a, fontproperties=my_font)plt.grid()plt.show()

三、绘制分组条形图

示例：列表 a 中的电影分别在9月14日、9月15日、9月16日三天的票房，展示电影本身的票房以及同其他电影的数据对比情况：

a = [“猩球崛起3：终极之战”,“敦刻尔克”,“蜘蛛侠：英雄归来”,“战狼2”]

b_16 = [15746,312,4497,319]

b_15 = [12357,156,2045,168]

b_14 = [2358,399,2358,362]

注意：调整分组的刻度。

# 设置每组的刻度x_14 = list(range(len(a)))x_15 = [i + bar_width for i in x_14]x_16 = [i + bar_width*2 for i in x_14]

完整代码如下：

from matplotlib import pyplot as pltfrom matplotlib import font_manager# 设置中文字体my_font = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\SIMKAI.ttf')a = ["猩球崛起3：终极之战","敦刻尔克","蜘蛛侠：英雄归来","战狼2"]b_16 = [15746,312,4497,319]b_15 = [12357,156,2045,168]b_14 = [2358,399,2358,362]# 柱形宽度bar_width = 0.2# 设置每组的刻度x_14 = list(range(len(a)))x_15 = [i + bar_width for i in x_14]x_16 = [i + bar_width*2 for i in x_14]# 设置图片大小plt.figure(figsize=(20, 8), dpi=80)plt.bar(range(len(a)), b_14, width=bar_width, label="9月14日")plt.bar(x_15, b_15, width=bar_width, label="9月15日")plt.bar(x_16, b_16, width=bar_width, label="9月16日")# 添加图例plt.legend(prop=my_font)# 在中间的柱形添加电影名plt.xticks(x_15, a, fontproperties=my_font)plt.show()

四、绘制直方图

1、plt.hist 方法

统计：获取了250部电影的时长，统计出这些电影时长的分布状态：

a=[131, 98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119, 128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124, 101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115, 99, 136, 126, 134, 95, 138, 117, 111,78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117, 86, 95, 144, 105, 126, 130,126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123, 86, 101, 99, 136,123, 117, 119, 105, 137, 123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127,105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132, 103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114,105, 115, 132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109, 132, 134,156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140, 83, 110, 102,123,107, 143, 115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133,112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123, 116, 131, 127, 115, 118, 112, 135,115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144, 83, 123, 111, 110, 111, 100, 154,136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134, 106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141,120, 117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126,114, 140, 103, 130, 141, 117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137, 92,121, 112, 146, 97, 137, 105, 98, 117, 112, 81, 97, 139, 113,134, 106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110,105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112, 83, 94, 146, 133, 101,131, 116, 111, 84, 137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111,111, 133, 150]

注意：plt.hist(a, num_bins)，传入需要统计的数据和组数；也可以传入一个列表，当组距不均匀的时候使用；plt.hist(a, num_bins, density=1)，绘制频率分布直方图，默认为频数直方图。

完整代码如下：

from matplotlib import pyplot as pltfrom matplotlib import font_managera=[131, 98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119, 128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124, 101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115, 99, 136, 126, 134, 95, 138, 117, 111,78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117, 86, 95, 144, 105, 126, 130,126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123, 86, 101, 99, 136,123, 117, 119, 105, 137, 123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127,105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132, 103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114,105, 115, 132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109, 132, 134,156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140, 83, 110, 102,123,107, 143, 115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133,112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123, 116, 131, 127, 115, 118, 112, 135,115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144, 83, 123, 111, 110, 111, 100, 154,136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134, 106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141,120, 117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126,114, 140, 103, 130, 141, 117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137, 92,121, 112, 146, 97, 137, 105, 98, 117, 112, 81, 97, 139, 113,134, 106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110,105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112, 83, 94, 146, 133, 101,131, 116, 111, 84, 137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111,111, 133, 150]# 计算组数d = 3 # 组距num_bins = (max(a) - min(a)) // d # 组数# 设置图片大小plt.figure(figsize=(20, 8), dpi=80)# 绘制频率直方图plt.hist(a, num_bins, density=1)# 设置 x 轴刻度plt.xticks(range(min(a), max(a)+d, d))# 绘制网格线plt.grid()plt.show()

2、plt.bar 方法绘制直方图

不均匀的组距绘制直方图：

interval = [0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60,90]

width = [5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,15,30,60]

quantity = [836,2737,3723,3926,3596,1438,3273,642,824,613,215,47]

完整代码如下：

from matplotlib import pyplot as pltfrom matplotlib import font_managerinterval = [0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,60,90]width = [5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,15,30,60]quantity = [836,2737,3723,3926,3596,1438,3273,642,824,613,215,47]# 设置图片大小plt.figure(figsize=(20, 8), dpi=80)# 使用 bar 绘制直方图，调整柱形宽度为1plt.bar(range(len(quantity)), quantity, width=1)# 设置 x 轴刻度_x = [i-0.5 for i in range(13)]_xtick_labels = interval + [150]plt.xticks(_x, _xtick_labels)# 添加网格线plt.grid(alpha=0.4)plt.show()