非谓语动词是动词的一种特殊形式。和一般动词相比,其最大特点是不能单独作谓语。非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词四种形式。
以动词do为例，非谓语动词的各种形式总结如下：
不定式
1、不定式的构成和特征
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。及物动词的不定式可以带宾语，也可以被状语修饰。不定式可以加宾语或状语,构成不定式短语，如 to read the text slowly不及物动词的不定式不可以直接跟宾语，但可以被状语修饰；若要带宾语，则应加上相应的介词,如 to arrive at the airport。不定式前可以加某些疑问代词(who,what, which),疑问副词(when, where,how,why)或连词 whether,构成特殊的不定式短语, what to do next, how to get there, where to go,which one to choose等。不定式的否定式是在不定式前加not,即“not to do”的形式。但不定式作目的状语时,其否定式必须要用“in order not+不定式或“so as not+不定式”。
2、不定式的句法功能
动词不定式在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用,以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和主语补足语。
(1)作主语。
To know what to do is wisdom. To know how to do it is skill.
清楚做什么是智慧。清楚如何做是技能。
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.
爱与被爱是人生最大的幸福。
不定式短语作主语时,往往用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)后置
It is enough to have one close friend in ones life.人生得一知己足矣。
It is difficult to know oneself.人能自知,实属不易。
(2)作表语。
The first and best victory is to conquer self.
首要的、也是最好的胜利是战胜自己。
To live is to do something worthwhile.活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。
If you are to succeed, you must be patient and persistent.
要想成功,你必须有耐心和毅力。
To become slave is to give up ones freedom.当奴隶就是放弃自由。
(3)作宾语。
有些动词常跟不定式作宾语。这些动词有: afford agree,aim, arrange,ask, begin,choose,claim,continue, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, hesitate, hope,intend,learn, like, long, manage, mean, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seem,start,try,want,wish等
We hope to talk with the native speakers.我们希望同说母语的人交谈
He promised not to tell anyone about it.他保证不跟任何人谈起它。
What do you plan to do tomorrow?你们打算明天干什么?
You must learn to forgive.你必须学会原谅他人。
考点：
当不定式(短语)在 consider,find,mke,regd, think,feel等动词后作宾语时,一般用it作形式宾语代替不定式,同时把不定式置于补语之后,即“主语+动词+it+补语+todo”结构。
He feels it his duty to help the poor他觉得帮助穷人是他的义务。
We think it quite important for us to leamn a foreign language well
我们认为学好一门外语对我们很重要。
经典例题：
I feel it an honor______to speak here.
A. to ask B. to be asked C. asking D. having asked
【翻译】受邀到此演讲我深感荣幸。
【精析】B。分析句子结构可知,这里的i是形式宾语, an honor为宾语补足语,真正的宾
语应为后面的动词不定式。再根据逻辑判断,子主语是动词不定式的动作的承受者,所以此处应用不定式的被动语态。故选B。
(4)作定语。
不定式作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。
She was the only one to look after the children.只有她一个人照顾那些孩子。
Are you going to the conference to be held next week?你要参加下周举行的会议吗?
Teamwork is the ability to work together toward a common aim.
团队合作是朝着共同目标而一起努力的能力。
经典例题：The ability______ an idea is as important as the idea itself.
A.expressing B.expressed C. to express D. to be expressed
「翻译」表达观点的能力和观点本身同样重要。
【精析】C。分析句子结构并结合句意可知, express修饰表示“能力”的 ability,且 ability为抽象名词,通常接不定式的主动形式作后置定语,表示…的能力”,所以选C。类似的词还有 attempt, impulse, inclination,wish等表示“企图,努力,倾向,目的,愿望,打算,能力,意向”等含义的抽象名词。
(5)作状语。
不定式作状语,主要表示目的、结果、原因等。
We live to serve the people heart and soul.(目的)
我们活着是为了全心全意为人民服务。
He did excellent work to be general manager of the famous company. (结果）
他工作非常出色,后来成了这家著名公司的总经理。
We shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project. (原因）
在此项目中与你们合作,我们非常高兴。
此外,“only+不定式”这一结构表示一种出乎意料或非主观希望的结果,该结构常常用逗
号与前面的分句隔开。
He hurried to that house, only to be told that the party was cancelled.
他急忙赶到那栋房子,却被告知聚会取消了。
(6)作宾语补足语。
有些及物动词的宾语之后常用不定式作宾语补足语,成复合宾语,以表达完整的意义
常见结构为:动词+宾语+todo。这些及物动词有: advise, allow,ask,beg,caus, challenge, command, expect, encourage, force, get, hate, help invite, leave, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind,require, teach,eluge,want,wam,wsh等。
The fool thinks himself to be wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.
愚者自以为智,智者自知其愚。
He asked you to call him back at10 dclock.他要求你10点钟给他回电话
Please remind me to take my medicine tomorrow.明天请提醒我服药。
prefer him not to come.我宁愿他不来。
考点:
使役动词havele,make等,感官动词及词组feel,hear,listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch接的复合宾语中,作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。help后既可接不定式to do,也可省略其中的to。
She won let her poor son suffer like this她不愿让她可怜的儿子受这样的罪。
He made her give up the property.他使她放弃了财产。
She felt someone pat her on the head gently.她感有人轻轻地拍了拍她的头。
He stood under the tree listening to the bird sing a merry song.
他站在树下,听那只鸟唱着欢快的歌。
经典例题★
The teacher has his students______a composition every other week.
A. to write B.written C.writing D.write
[翻译]老师让学生们每隔一周写一篇作文。
【精析】D。在使役动词have,make,let等的复合宾语中,作宾补的不定式常常不带to
have sb. do sth.意为“让某人做某事”。故选D
(7)作主语补足语。
上述带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时,原宾语变为主语,原宾语补足语变为主语补足语。不定式作主语补足语时,在使役动词或感官动词,如have,make,hears等后面,不定式省略的to应加上。
Time is often said to be money, but it is more--it is life.
人们往往说时间就是金钱,但时间不止于此一它是生命。
He was asked to make speech at the meeting.他受邀在会上讲话。
They were made to work day and night他们被迫夜以继日地干活。
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.听见有人上楼了。
3、不定式的时态
(1)不定式的一般式。
不定式的一般式的结构为“to+动词原形”,表示动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或是在其后发生的。
She was seen to enter the hall was seen to enter两个动作同时发生)
有人看见她进了大厅。
have some news to tell you. to tell所表示的动作发生在have之后)
我有些消息要告诉你。
(2)不定式的进行式。
不定式的进行式的结构为“tobe+现在分词”,所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的,而且正在进行着。
They seem to be getting along quite well.他们似乎相处得很好。
He is said to be studying in New York.据说他在纽约学习。
(3)不定式的完成式。
不定式的完成式的结构为“to havet+过去分词”,表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting对不起,让你久等了。
She seems to have read the book before.她好像以前看过这本书。
Robert is said______ abroad, but I don know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study
C. to be studying D. to have been studying
[翻译]据说罗伯特出国留过学,但是我不知道他在哪个国家学习。
【精析】A。根据句中的 studied一词可知,伯特已经不在国外学习了,即该动作已完成,所以应用不定式的完成式。故选A。
4、不定式的被动语态
考点:当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式(tobe+过去分词)。
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.(逻辑主语:me)
我很荣幸受邀在这里讲话。
Let me show you the room to be used as our language lab.(逻辑主语: the room)让我带你看看要用作我们的语言实验室的那个房间。
The new drug is to be tested out on the500v- weight people next year.(逻辑主语: the new drug)
明年,这种新药将在500个过度肥胖的人身上进行试验。
The clerk wouldn like to be laughed at by her customers（逻辑主语: the clerk)这位职员不希望被她的顾客嘲笑。
The conference_______in Beijing next week is bound to be a great success.
A.holding B. being held C. to hold D. to be held
[翻译]下周将在北京举行的会议一定会非常成功
【精析】D由时间状语 next week可知,“举行会议这一动作应发生在将来;“会议”和
“举行”之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,所以本题中应用不定式表将来,并且用被动语态。故选D
动名词
1、动名词的构成和特征
动名词一般由“动词原形+构成。及物动词的动名词可以带宾语,也可以被状语修饰。不及物动词的动名词不可以带宾语,但可以被状语修饰;若要带宾语, 则应加上相应的介词。带有宾语或状语的动名词称为动名词短语如 reading book slowly其否定式是在动名词前加not
2、动名词的句法功能
动名词在句中起名词的作用,可以作主语、表语、定语、动词宾语、介词宾语等。
(1)作主语
Believing in yourself is the secret of success.相信自己是成功的秘诀。
Saying is easier than doing.说比做容易。
Mastering skill means great deal of practice掌握一种技能意味着大量的实践。
Breaking up water into hydrogen and oxygen is a chemical change.
把水分解为氢和氧是一种化学变化。
在“It is no use( no good fun, waste of time good pleasure no help useless
doing结构中,it作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动名词短语。
It is no good learning without practice.光学习不实践是无用的。有人不
It is dangerous swimming in this river.在这条河里游泳很危险。
It is no use asking her advice征求她的意见没有用。
It is waste of time discussing such matters.论这样的事情是浪费时间。
例题：It is no use_____him over. It is already late.
A.send B. sending C.sentD. having sent
[翻译]派他过去也没用,已经晚了。
【精析】B。在“It is no use/good/help+oing句型中,use等词后应跟动名词形式,其中
It为形式主语,动名词短语为真正的主语。另外,本题中并没有明显的时间先后顺序,所以应选动名词的一般式 sending。
The best policy is being honest.诚实是上策。
That is asking for trouble那是自找麻烦。
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers.
真正的问题是了解客户的需求。
Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
(3)作定语。
有时动名词还可以放在名词之前作定语,如 singing competition(歌唱比赛) sleeping car(卧车), reading material(阅读材料) teaching method(教方法)等。
There are many new magazines on literature in the reading room of our department.我们系的阅览室里有许多关于文学的新杂志。
A washing machine can help you save a lot of time and energy.
洗衣机可以帮助你节省很多时间和精力。
Take a walking stick with you. It may be useful for climbing the mountains.
带上手杖吧。它也许对爬山有用。
(4)作动词宾语。
①以下及物动词及动词短语常用动名词作宾语,而不能用动词不定式作宾语,如 admit
advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider delay, deny, enjoy,mind,miss, permit, postpone, practice, prevent,resist,risk,suggest,keep on, put off等。
I enjoy reading these books because they reflect life.
我喜欢读这些书,因为它们是对生活的一种反映。
He is considering asking his employer for rise他正在虑要求主给他涨工资。
I appreciate her devoting herself to the cause of education.
我钦佩她献身教育事业的精神。
The teacher doesn permit smoking in the classroom.
老师不允许有人在教室里抽烟。
考点②有些动词后既可用不定式又可用动名词作宾语。但意义差别较大。
forget to do sth.忘了要去做某事
forget doing sth.忘了已做过某事
mean to do sth.打算去做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
remember to do sth.记得要去做某事
remember doing sth.记得曾经做过某事
try to do sth.努力去做某事
try doing sth.试着做某事
go on to do sth.做完一件事后继而去做另一件事
go on doing sth. 继续做一直在做的事
regret to do sth因将要去做某事而感到遗憾
regret doing sth.因做了某事而后悔
stop to do sth.停下手中的事去做其他的事
stop doing sth.停下手中正在做的事
can help(to)do sth. 不能帮助做某事
can help doing sth.禁不住做某事
If I had remembered to close the window, the thief would not have got in.
如果我记得关上窗户,小偷就不会进到屋里来了。
I remembered seeing her once somewhere我记得曾经在哪里见过她
I didn mean to hurt your feelings.
我不想伤害你的感情的。
Irrigating like this means wasting a lot of water.
这种灌溉方法浪费了大量的水。
I regret to say can go with you.很遗憾地告诉你,我不能和你一起去。
I regret having to turn down your proposal.
我对曾不得已拒绝你的提议而表示遗憾。
经典例题：Don forget _____ the window before leaving the room.
A. to have closed B. to close C. having closed D. closing
[翻译]走之前别忘了关窗。
【精析】B。“forget+动词不定式”表示动作尚未发生。“forget+动名词”表示动作已经发生。根据题意可知,“关窗户这件事还没有发生。故选B
(5)作介词宾语。
①动名词也可以作介词的宾语,构成介词短语,句中作定语、状语或表语。
Man s dream of flying in space has come true.人太空飞行的梦想已经实现了。
She left without saying goodbye to us.她没有向我们告别就走了
Talking with her was like playing on an exquisite violin.
和她谈话就像弹奏一把美妙的提琴。
②动名词作介词的宾语,常用在某些词组后面。这类词组主要有 attach importance to,be
accustomed to, devote... to in addition to, lead to, look forward to, object to, be opposed to, stick to,
take to, when it comes to, the approach/solution/key to
was accustomed to staying up late when I was in the university.
上大学时我习惯熬夜。
The key to leading a meaningful life is to study every day.
让生活充实的诀窍是每天学习。
③下列句型应使用动名词作宾语: have difficultytrouble/no problem/fun/pleasure/ hard time/ good time(in) doing sth be busy(in)doing sth.等
They had hard time walking out of the grassland.他们很艰难地走出了草地
He is busy preparing for the coming exams.他正忙着准备即将到来的考试
3、动名词的时态
(1)动名词的一般式。
动名词的一般式的结构为“动词原形+-ing”,表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动作同时
发生或在其后发生。
Children enjoy reading picture-story- books.( enjoy与 reading同时发生)
孩子们喜欢看小人书。
am thinking of getting new dictionary.( getting生在 am thinking以后)
我正在考虑买一本新词典。
(2)动名词的完成式。
动名词的完成式的结构为“having+过去分词”,示的动作通常在谓语动词表示的动作之
前发生。
regret having told her the news.我后悔把那个消息告诉了她。
He is proud of having won the first prize他很自豪获得了一等奖。
4、动名词的被动语态
考点当动名词的逻辑主语(可以依据修饰动名词的物主代词或名词的所有格判断)是动名词动作的承受对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式(being+过去分词/having been+过去分词)。
Respecting others means being respected.尊重他人就是尊重自己。
He insisted on being treated as an ordinary employee.
他坚持让大家把自己当作普通雇员对待。
After having been interviewed, she was offered the job.
面试后,她得到了那份工作。
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team”照
我听说他被选为球队的教练。
Ted has told me that he always escapes______as he got a very fast sports car.
A. to fine B. to be fined C. being fined D. having been fined
『翻译』泰德告诉我他总能逃脱被罚款,因为他有一个速度非常快的跑车i
【精析】C。 escape作“避免,逃避”讲时,是及物动词,后常接Vig形式。因“fine”和逻
辑上的主语Ted是动宾关系,所以要用其被动形式,而一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。故答案为C。
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